Adenauer, West Germany’s chancellor from 1949 to 1963, initiated talks in March 1952 that resulted in West Germany agreeing to pay Israel 3 billion marks over 12 years as Holocaust reparations. The funds were crucial to the fledgling state’s economy but were criticized as “blood money” by Menachem Begin and others. The two states established full diplomatic relations two years after Adenauer left office.
June 30, 1980 Source: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/25616?ln=en&v=pdf The U.N. Security Council held a special session on the status of Jerusalem on June 30, 1980, at the request of Pakistan, which, as the head of the Organization of…
December 7, 1988 Arafat, Yasser, et al. “Joint Statement by Yasser Arafat and a Group of Five American Jews, Stockholm.” The Washington Post, Washington, D.C., published December 8, 1988. The Stockholm Declaration emerged as a…
In an unprecedented presidential political gamble, President Carter meets Prime Minister Begin and then President Sadat to tie up loose ends for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, signed two weeks later. During the trip, he delivers the first Knesset address by a U.S. president.
Maya Rezak and Ken Stein, December 6, 2025 Eric Alter and Nickolay Mladenov, “Not Final, but Forward: The Abraham Accords at a Crossroads,” The National Interest, November 4, 2025. Sagiv Asulin and Dan Diker, “700…
Chancellor Merz’s visit coincides with Germany signing the largest Israeli military arms export agreement, covering the Arrow 3, and his support of a two-state solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Netanyahu recalls centuries of efforts to annihilate Jews, including those in Germany and by Hamas, and says Israel will not give up military control of West Bank land.
This timeline includes maps, photos, and hyperlinks to documents and sources also found on the website. There are four dozen hyperlinks age appropriate for teens and older; updated November 21, 2025.
Prince Mohammed bin Salman and President Donald Trump continued a decades-long process of strengthening Saudi-U.S. ties during a White House meeting that put Saudi security and investment ahead of the Abraham Accords.
The U.N. Security Council voted 13-0 on November 17, 2025, to adopt Resolution 2803, endorsing the 20-point Trump peace plan to end the Hamas-Israel war. The precedent-setting resolution provides a pathway to stability in the Gaza Strip and offers a chance for less violence in the Palestinian-Israeli relationship.
The U.N. General Assembly overwhelming reverses a Soviet-driven decision 16 years earlier to declare Zionism a form of racism.
