Republic of Poland Minorities Treaty Is Signed

Republic of Poland Minorities Treaty Is Signed

During the Paris Peace Conference, one of the major initiatives undertaken by the Allies is recognition of minority rights in European states. While addressing the rights of minorities in general, the Polish Treaty specifically mentions Jewish cultural and civil liberties.

Amsterdam Jews Excommunicate Baruch Spinoza

Amsterdam Jews Excommunicate Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza’s ideas about Judaism are rejected by the Amsterdam Jewish community, eventually leading to his excommunication. He goes on to become one of the most important philosophers of the Jewish Enlightenment, which seeks to reconcile the world of Jewish faith with secular, empirical reality.