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2020-Abraham Accords-Present
French President Macron’s U.N. Address on a Two-State Solution, September 2025

French President Macron’s U.N. Address on a Two-State Solution, September 2025

President Macron’s speech links the end of Hamas-Israeli conflict to the evolution of a of two-state solution. He acknowledges that Israel has the power to end the war and evolve a Palestinian state, asserting that if Israel does neither to the satisfaction of France and her European partners, Israel could pay an undisclosed price. He offers no such penalties to be placed on the PA for its failure to meet its commitments. Once again the Palestinian Arab national movement uses the international community to pressure Israel into concessions. On the same day, Israeli
Prime Minister Netanyahu emphatically rejects the establishment of a Palestinian state west of the Jordan River. The Israeli
parliament in June 2004 rejected any unilateral recognition of a Palestinian state by a 68-9 vote.

Documents and Sources|September 22, 2025
U.N. New York Declaration on the Two-State Solution, July 2025

U.N. New York Declaration on the Two-State Solution, July 2025

Seized by the severity of the Gaza war and nonmovement on a Palestinian-Israeli negotiating process, the U.N. offers a diplomatic road map to end the war and start negotiations. Led by France and Saudi Arabia, it asserts PA primacy as the legitimate Palestinian political representative, addresses possible Palestinian governance reform, seeks to empower a sovereign and economically viable state of Palestine living side by side in security with Israel, and contains other vague PA promises. Israel and the U.S. reject the Declaration. The Israeli government refuses to have outside parties determine the outlines or pace of negotiations with any country because negotiations impact Israeli security today and tomorrow.

Documents and Sources|July 29, 2025
Bibliography — Jerusalem

Bibliography — Jerusalem

June 2025 CIE has compiled the following list of books and articles, including some available on our website, to guide understanding of Israel’s capital, the holy city of Jerusalem. Books Adelman, Madelaine, and Miriam Fendius…

Bibliographies|June 2025
Letter From PA President Mahmoud Abbas to French President Emmanuel Macron, June 2025

Letter From PA President Mahmoud Abbas to French President Emmanuel Macron, June 2025

PA President Abbas makes requests and gives promises to the French president for the establishment of a Palestinian
state. His commitments were not negotiated with Israel. They are meant to seek support for the end of the Gaza war,
the affirmation of Abbas and the PA as the sole Palestinian political address, and international support for a Palestinian state.
As in the past, the PA and Abbas seek international support to pressure Israel into undesirable political actions.

Documents and Sources|June 12, 2025
Emergency Arab League Communique — Declaration on Gaza and the Palestinians, March 2025

Emergency Arab League Communique — Declaration on Gaza and the Palestinians, March 2025

Meeting in Cairo in early March 2025, the Arab League of States endorsed an Egyptian plan for the reconstruction of Gaza that was, above all else, a cleverly worded statement. The contents did not break new diplomatic ground and made no mention of Hamas or its political future. As a consensus document, it aimed at satisfying as many Arab interests and foreign ears as possible.

Documents and Sources|March 4, 2025
Jordan’s Abdullah Sees Middle East “Finish Line” From Trump White House, 2025

Jordan’s Abdullah Sees Middle East “Finish Line” From Trump White House, 2025

Abdullah II remains studiously noncommittal in support of Donald Trump’s idea for the U.S. to take over the Gaza Strip, rebuild it and relocate its Palestinian residents to other countries. With Jordan’s strong economic, strategic and defense ties to Washington, no one expected the king to be effusive for Trump’s suggestions for Gaza’s future. Jordan lacks the economic and demographic absorptive capacities and the political interest to take another wave of Palestinians into its territory.

Documents and Sources|February 11, 2025
Explainer: Hezbollah’s Presence in Lebanon (video, 3:09)

Explainer: Hezbollah’s Presence in Lebanon (video, 3:09)

Hezbollah emerged in Lebanon in the 1980s, rooted in the historical marginalization of the country’s Shiite community. Today, Hezbollah is a major player in Lebanese social and political life, wielding significant influence over both the government and the military situation.

Explainer Videos|September 25, 2024
Prime Minister Netanyahu Addresses Congress on Hamas War, 2024

Prime Minister Netanyahu Addresses Congress on Hamas War, 2024

In a 52 minute speech, Netanyahu explained Israel’s absolute need for total victory in the Gaza war because Hamas and Iran were both enemies of the United States and Israel. With bi-partisan emphasis, he thanked Presidents Biden and Trump for their unwavering current and past support. Dozens of congressional members did not attend his speech, noting disagreements with the Prime Minister’s policies.

Documents and Sources|July 24, 2024
Netanyahu’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, 2023

Netanyahu’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, 2023

Addressing Israel’s fear of Iran’s access to nuclear weapons, the same point made by his predecessor Yair Lapid stressed in 2022 at the UN, Netanyahu like Lapid praised the Abraham Accords, noting in a quite unrestrained fashion that Israel was on the ‘cusp of a historic peace with Saudi Arabia.” The Prime Minister did mention support for a two-state solution with the Palestinians as Lapid had done previously.

Documents and Sources|September 22, 2023
President Isaac Herzog’s Speech to Congress, 2023

President Isaac Herzog’s Speech to Congress, 2023

In just under an hour, Herzog emphasized the special US-Israeli relationship, citing common values between the two democracies, noting, “when the US is strong, Israel is stronger. And when Israel is strong, the US is more secure.” He cited Israel’s domestic and foreign policy challenges in its 75th year.

Documents and Sources|July 19, 2023|Spanish
President Isaac Herzog 2022 Op-Ed — Bahrain’s Warm Peace With Israel: What’s Next?

President Isaac Herzog 2022 Op-Ed — Bahrain’s Warm Peace With Israel: What’s Next?

In December President Herzog visited Manama, Bahrain, his fourth visit to a Middle Eastern country in 2022, (Abu Dhabi in January, Istanbul in March, Amman in June, and Sharm El-Sheikh in November), all aimed at bolstering Israel’s economic, cultural and bi-lateral relations with Arab states. Talks on this trip focused on expanding trade and sharing among others, Israel’s solar and desalinazation technologies.

Documents and Sources|December 4, 2022
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