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Well before their partial expulsion from the Holy Land by the Romans in 70 C.E., Jews lived in Hebron, Jerusalem, Tiberias and Safed. So did Bedouin tribes, some in villages. Many Arabs settled the Land of Israel after various incursions, including the taking of Jerusalem by Muhammad’s successors in 636, and during the sporadic rule of Muslim powers from the Fatimids to the Ottomans. For centuries, tax farmers and later urban notables and sheikhs controlled most of the scarce cultivable land in the coastal plain and valleys. The majority-Arab population engaged in subsistence agriculture and lived mostly in the central mountain range, stretching from the Galilee in the north southward through what is present-day Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Hebron.

After modern Israel’s establishment, 160,000 Arabs remained as citizens, while six times that number fled. Arabs constituted some 22% of the Israeli population then and remain about the same percentage today. Arabs of Palestine or Arabs of Israel or Palestinian Arabs living in Israel with citizenship today hold positions in the parliament, the Supreme Court and all walks of life.

Riots break out in Bethlehem in 1938 during the Arab uprising that began in 1936. (credit: Matson Collection, U.S. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division)

Donna Robinson Divine, “Politics and Society in Ottoman Palestine: The Arab Struggle for Survival and Power”CIE+

September 25, 2025
Divine, Donna Robinson, Politics and Society in Ottoman Palestine: The Arab Struggle for Survival and Power, Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder, 1994, pp. 191-215 (with author’s permission, September 2025) This is a rigorous analysis of the struggles of...

Explainer: Arabs of Palestine/IsraelCIE+

January 20, 2025
Some ancestors of modern Palestinians and Israeli Arabs, like those of Israeli Jews, lived in the Land of Israel millennia ago, but most came to the area when Muhammad’s successors took Jerusalem and settled there...

The Key Curated Essentials for Arabs of Palestine/Israel

<span class="cie-plus-title">Hillel Cohen, “Army of Shadows,” Showing Regular Palestinian Arab Collaboration With Zionists Through 1947</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Hillel Cohen, “Army of Shadows,” Showing Regular Palestinian Arab Collaboration With Zionists Through 1947CIE+

Irrefutable evidence shows Palestinian Arab collaboration with Zionists during the British Mandate greatly assisted Jewish state building. Cohen further asserts a general absence among Palestinians of a sense of national feeling, with loyalties instead tied to families, villages and other localities. Quite certainly without Palestinian Arab collaboration, Zionists would not have succeeded in building a nucleus for the Jewish state. Arabic newspapers in Palestine and British scrutiny show the constancy of the Arab population’s engagement with the Zionists, and this included Arabs resident inside Palestine.