<span class="cie-plus-title">Mitchell Report, 2001</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Mitchell Report, 2001CIE+

In the midst of severe Palestinian-Israeli clashes, a committee led by former U.S. Sen. George Mitchell concludes, as had many previous investigations, that the two communities fear and want to live separately from each other. From the report flows the EU-U.N.-U.S. commitment to a two-state solution suggested in the 2003 Roadmap for Peace.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015CIE+

Under the deal between Iran and five world powers, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program in exchange for billions of dollars of sanctions relief. Israel called the deal too lenient. On May 8, 2018, President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the JCPOA, calling it one of the “worst and most one-sided” agreements in U.S. history. Israel’s objectives in attacking Iran in June 2025 focused on the same central features Israel argued a decade earlier were not sufficiently addressed in the JCPOA.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Israel Prime Minister Yair Lapid’s Speech to U.N. General Assembly, 2022</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Israel Prime Minister Yair Lapid’s Speech to U.N. General Assembly, 2022CIE+

The focus of Prime Minister Yair Lapid’s first speech at the UN was a political weather report of Israel’s relations with Arab neighbors. He lauded Arab states for embracing Israel, hoped that Israel could move toward a two-state solution with the Palestinians, and blistered the hate spewing from Hamas and Iran; Israel he said, would not tolerate Iran obtaining a nuclear weapon.

Documents and Sources|September 22, 2022
<span class="cie-plus-title">Netanyahu’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, 2023</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Netanyahu’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, 2023CIE+

Addressing Israel’s fear of Iran’s access to nuclear weapons, the same point made by his predecessor Yair Lapid stressed in 2022 at the UN, Netanyahu like Lapid praised the Abraham Accords, noting in a quite unrestrained fashion that Israel was on the ‘cusp of a historic peace with Saudi Arabia.” The Prime Minister did mention support for a two-state solution with the Palestinians as Lapid had done previously.

Documents and Sources|September 22, 2023
<span class="cie-plus-title">Letter From PA President Mahmoud Abbas to French President Emmanuel Macron, June 2025</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Letter From PA President Mahmoud Abbas to French President Emmanuel Macron, June 2025CIE+

PA President Abbas makes requests and gives promises to the French president for the establishment of a Palestinian
state. His commitments were not negotiated with Israel. They are meant to seek support for the end of the Gaza war,
the affirmation of Abbas and the PA as the sole Palestinian political address, and international support for a Palestinian state.
As in the past, the PA and Abbas seek international support to pressure Israel into undesirable political actions.

Documents and Sources|June 12, 2025
<span class="cie-plus-title">U.N. New York Declaration on the Two-State Solution, July 2025</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

U.N. New York Declaration on the Two-State Solution, July 2025CIE+

Seized by the severity of the Gaza war and nonmovement on a Palestinian-Israeli negotiating process, the U.N. offers a diplomatic road map to end the war and start negotiations. Led by France and Saudi Arabia, it asserts PA primacy as the legitimate Palestinian political representative, addresses possible Palestinian governance reform, seeks to empower a sovereign and economically viable state of Palestine living side by side in security with Israel, and contains other vague PA promises. Israel and the U.S. reject the Declaration. The Israeli government refuses to have outside parties determine the outlines or pace of negotiations with any country because negotiations impact Israeli security today and tomorrow.