Assembled here are key sources that have shaped the modern Middle East, Zionism and Israel. We have included items that give texture, perspective and opinion to historical context. Many of these sources are mentioned in the Era summaries and contain explanatory introductions.
<span class="cie-plus-title">The Problem of Rafah: Prime Minister Menachem Begin’s Letter to Shlomo Goren, 1981</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

The Problem of Rafah: Prime Minister Menachem Begin’s Letter to Shlomo Goren, 1981CIE+

Prime Minister Menachem Begin argues for the return of Rafah to Egypt; the greater purpose is implementation of the Egyptian-Israeli Treaty, which also meant Israel”s withdrawal from settlements in Sinai near Rafah. Egypt in treaty negotiations with Israel, did not want to have the Gaza Strip again under their administration as they had between 1949 until after the June 1967 War

Documents and Sources|August 17, 1981
Hamas Charter, Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine, 1988

Hamas Charter, Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine, 1988

As a militant Islamic Palestinian national organization, Hamas believes that Israel is illegitimate and should be destroyed through Jihad. Hamas opposes all recognition and negotiation with Israel and opposes PLO/PA leaders who have negotiated and collaborated with Israel from time to time. The Hamas-PA competition severely fragments the Palestinian political community.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Prime Minister Sharon’s Address on Gaza Withdrawal at Herzliya Conference, 2004</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Prime Minister Sharon’s Address on Gaza Withdrawal at Herzliya Conference, 2004CIE+

Prime Minister Sharon unilaterally withdrew Israeli military and civilian forces from the Gaza Strip in August 2005. Sharon sought to ensure Israel’s Jewish and democratic essence by getting out of the lives of the Palestinians. Instead Hamas used the territory to kill Jews and degrade Israel morally. Two decades later what would Sharon have said about trusting your neighbor unilaterally?

Documents and Sources|December 16, 2004
<span class="cie-plus-title">Hamas’ Political Thought in Light of the Arab Spring, 2012</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Hamas’ Political Thought in Light of the Arab Spring, 2012CIE+

In a major speech, Khalid Mishaal, the Chief of the Political Bureau of Hamas presents the organization’s vision for liberation of all of Palestine, stating that it is national duty through Jihad and armed resistance. “Palestine, from its river to its sea, from its north to its south, is the land of the Palestinians; their homeland, and their legitimate right. We will not, in any way, recognize the legitimacy of the occupation. We do not recognize the legitimacy of the Israeli occupation of Palestine, in any way.

Documents and Sources|November 29, 2012
<span class="cie-plus-title">Hamas: A Document of General Principles and Policies, 2017</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Hamas: A Document of General Principles and Policies, 2017CIE+

The general principles are restated as they are in the 1988 founding Hamas Charter, jihad is the means to liberate Palestine, with an important notable addition, that these principles include ‘no recognition of the Zionist entity,’ for their point of view a terrible PLO recognition in September 1993. This document also restated the Palestinian right of return to all of Palestine defined as from the Jordan River on the east to the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Jimmy Carter’s Decade of Embracing Hamas, 2003-2015</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Jimmy Carter’s Decade of Embracing Hamas, 2003-2015CIE+

Former US President Jimmy Carter embraced Hamas as a legitimate voice of the Palestinian people. His motivations possibly stretched from intentional to misguided to malevolent. Hamas leaders who were engaged in inter-Palestinian struggles remained pleased with the recognition he gave them. American officials and Israelis were keenly perturbed by the courtship he gave them.

<span class="cie-plus-title">IDF Inquiry, July 2024: Military Failed in Mission at Kibbutz Be’eri on October 7</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

IDF Inquiry, July 2024: Military Failed in Mission at Kibbutz Be’eri on October 7CIE+

The inquiry team determined that the IDF failed in its mission to protect the residents of Kibbutz Be’eri; the bravery of the Be’eri residents and the members of the kibbutz’s civilian rapid response team are commended for preventing the attack from spreading.  In the October 7, 2024 Hamas attack on the kibbutz, 101 civilians were killed, and 30 hostages from Kibbutz Be’eri and two additional hostages were abducted and taken into Gaza.

Documents and Sources|July 11, 2024
<span class="cie-plus-title">Prime Minister Netanyahu Addresses Congress on Hamas War, 2024</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Prime Minister Netanyahu Addresses Congress on Hamas War, 2024CIE+

In a 52 minute speech, Netanyahu explained Israel’s absolute need for total victory in the Gaza war because Hamas and Iran were both enemies of the United States and Israel. With bi-partisan emphasis, he thanked Presidents Biden and Trump for their unwavering current and past support. Dozens of congressional members did not attend his speech, noting disagreements with the Prime Minister’s policies.

Documents and Sources|July 24, 2024
<span class="cie-plus-title">Jordan’s Abdullah Sees Middle East “Finish Line” From Trump White House, 2025</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Jordan’s Abdullah Sees Middle East “Finish Line” From Trump White House, 2025CIE+

Abdullah II remains studiously noncommittal in support of Donald Trump’s idea for the U.S. to take over the Gaza Strip, rebuild it and relocate its Palestinian residents to other countries. With Jordan’s strong economic, strategic and defense ties to Washington, no one expected the king to be effusive for Trump’s suggestions for Gaza’s future. Jordan lacks the economic and demographic absorptive capacities and the political interest to take another wave of Palestinians into its territory.

Documents and Sources|February 11, 2025