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<span class="cie-plus-title">Vice President Pence’s Speech to the Knesset, 2018</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Vice President Pence’s Speech to the Knesset, 2018CIE+

Vice President Pence firmly expresses American commitments to Israel’s security and commitment to the Arab-Israeli peace process. Palestinian Authority President Abbas and other Arab officials loudly criticize the speech and refuse to meet with Pence during his Middle East visit because of earlier US promise to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.

Documents and Sources|January 22, 2018
<span class="cie-plus-title">President Trump’s Speech Recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel, 2017</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

President Trump’s Speech Recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel, 2017CIE+

President Trump’s proclamation to “officially recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel” breaks precedent. In doing so, he incurs bipartisan support in the US congress, but a flurry of criticism from analysts, diplomats and foreign leaders. In his remarks, Trump rebukes claims that he disqualified the US as a “reliable mediator” in future Palestinian-Israeli negotiations.

Documents and Sources|December 6, 2017
<span class="cie-plus-title">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015CIE+

Under the deal between Iran and five world powers, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program in exchange for billions of dollars of sanctions relief. Israel called the deal too lenient. On May 8, 2018, President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the JCPOA, calling it one of the “worst and most one-sided” agreements in U.S. history. Israel’s objectives in attacking Iran in June 2025 focused on the same central features Israel argued a decade earlier were not sufficiently addressed in the JCPOA.

<span class="cie-plus-title">President Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University, 2009</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

President Barack Obama’s Speech at Cairo University, 2009CIE+

Barack Obama, while seeking to improve America’s image by urging an end to violence and stereotypes, emphasizes the need for a two-state Israeli-Palestinian solution as part of a reset of U.S. relations with the Muslim world. His advocacy of soft power distinguishes his administration from George W. Bush’s use of force. Nine years later, Donald Trump’s secretary of state, also in Cairo, heavily criticizes the Obama soft-power approach.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Annapolis: Precedents and Transactions but Not Transformations</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Annapolis: Precedents and Transactions but Not TransformationsCIE+

Since the June 1967 war, more than two dozen mediators have engaged in Arab‐ Israeli diplomacy seeking to clarify one underlying question: under what conditions and over what period of time would Israel relinquish land attained in the June 1967 War, and what kind of understanding or agreement from an Arab partner would Israel receive in return? The Annapolis Conference in 2007, was again a Transaction but not a Transformation of Outcomes.