<span class="cie-plus-title">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) — Containing Iran’s Access to Nuclear Weapons, 2015CIE+

Under the deal between Iran and five world powers, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program in exchange for billions of dollars of sanctions relief. Israel called the deal too lenient. On May 8, 2018, President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the JCPOA, calling it one of the “worst and most one-sided” agreements in U.S. history. Israel’s objectives in attacking Iran in June 2025 focused on the same central features Israel argued a decade earlier were not sufficiently addressed in the JCPOA.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Hamas: A Document of General Principles and Policies, 2017</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Hamas: A Document of General Principles and Policies, 2017CIE+

The general principles are restated as they are in the 1988 founding Hamas Charter, jihad is the means to liberate Palestine, with an important notable addition, that these principles include ‘no recognition of the Zionist entity,’ for their point of view a terrible PLO recognition in September 1993. This document also restated the Palestinian right of return to all of Palestine defined as from the Jordan River on the east to the Mediterranean Sea.

<span class="cie-plus-title">Defense Minister Yoav Gallant’s Speech on Pausing Judicial Overhaul, March 2023</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Defense Minister Yoav Gallant’s Speech on Pausing Judicial Overhaul, March 2023CIE+

Citing deep disaffection among elements of Israeli military reserve units and expressing those concerns to Prime Minister Netanyahu privately, Defense Minister Gallant makes his opinion public, causing Netanyahu to fire him, resulting in hundreds of thousand of Israelis in the streets. Two days after Gallant’s speech, Netanyahu calls for a pause in pushing forward the judicial overhaul legislation.

Documents and Sources|March 25, 2023
<span class="cie-plus-title">President Jimmy Carter, “The Camp David Accords,” Address to Congress, 1978</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

President Jimmy Carter, “The Camp David Accords,” Address to Congress, 1978CIE+

The Camp David accords culminated after thirteen days of intense negotiations between Israeli, Egyptian, and American delegations. Egyptian and Israeli leaders met with President Carter where after difficult negotiations they signed two accords, one an outline for an Egyptian-Israeli Treaty and one for Palestinian self-rule. The negotiations continued for another six months until the Egyptian-Treaty was signed in March 1979, after considerable bad feeling was tossed back and forth between Israeli and American negotiators.

Documents and Sources|July 26, 2023
<span class="cie-plus-title">Jimmy Carter’s Decade of Embracing Hamas, 2003-2015</span><span class="cie-plus-badge">CIE+</span>

Jimmy Carter’s Decade of Embracing Hamas, 2003-2015CIE+

Former US President Jimmy Carter embraced Hamas as a legitimate voice of the Palestinian people. His motivations possibly stretched from intentional to misguided to malevolent. Hamas leaders who were engaged in inter-Palestinian struggles remained pleased with the recognition he gave them. American officials and Israelis were keenly perturbed by the courtship he gave them.